Since Indonesia is a huge archipelago country, the prevalence of hepatitis virus infection highly varies
among islands. In average the prevalence of clinical hepatitis in Indonesia was 0.6% in the year 2007.
Of 82 clinical acute hepatitis patients treated in hospitals in several cities, acute hepatitis A accounted for
28.0%, acute hepatitis B 13.4%, and acute hepatitis C 1.2%; 35.4% patients were infected by unknown
etiology. In 1980s, the prevalence of anti-HAV in the age group 10- to 14-years was almost 100% in
smaller towns and 45 to 60% in big cities. About 30 years later, anti-HAV prevalence decreased to
around 13% in the same smaller town. Outbreaks of hepatitis A were reported between 2006 and 2009
in several cities in Java island. The prevalence of HBsAg in the islands other than Java island (8.5%)
was significantly higher than in Java island (4.9%). In 1,409 viremic subjects, 4 genotypes of HBV were
found, i.e., genotype B (60%), followed by genotype C (33%), genotype D (7%), and genotype A (0.3%).
In contrast, the prevalence of hepatitis C was much higher in Java island compared to other islands. In
blood donors in Java island, the prevalence of anti-HCV and HCV RNA were 1.5 and 1.1% respectively,
while in other islands, the prevalence were only 0.7 and 0.2% respectively. Hepatitis D was very rare
in Indonesia, and so was hepatitis E. Outbreaks of hepatitis E were reported between 1989 and 1993
in West Kalimantan. Afterward, the incidence of hepatitis E was reported sporadically.
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Identification and characterization of novel hepatitis B virus subgenotype C10 in Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Arch Virol 2010 May;155(5): 705-715
Identification of 4 novel subgenotypes (C13–C16) and 2 inter-genotypic recombinants (C12/G and C13/B3) of hepatitis B virus in Papua Province, Indonesia. Virus Res 2012 Jan;163(1):129-140
Keanekaragaman Genom Virus Hepatitis B di Indonesia: pola persebarannya mencerminkan semboyan “Bhineka Tunggal Ika” (The Diversity of Hepatitis B Genome in Indonesia: The pattern of spread reflecting the Indonesian national motto “Unity in Diversity”). Dialog of Melayu Culture, Pekanbaru Indonesia, Dec 3–5, 2012
Hepatitis B virus genotypes. Vaccine 2005 Mar 31;23(19):2409-2423
Novel subgentotypes of of hepatitis B virus genotype C and D in Papua, Indonesia. J Clin Microbiol 2008 Jul;46(7):2160-2166
Genetic study of hepatitis B virus in Indonesia reveals a new subgenotype of genotype B in East Nusa Tenggara. Arch Virol 2008;153(6):1057-1065
Ethnogeographical structure of hepatitis B virus genotypes distribution in Indonesia and discovery of a new subgenotype, B9. Arch Virol 2011 May;156(5):855-868
Genetic regulation of the immune response to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), II. Qualitative characteristics of the humoral immune response to the a, d, and y determinant of HBsAg. J Immunol 1983 Mar;130(3):1395-1400
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Subtypes analysis of hepatitis C virus in Indonesia on the basis of NS5b region sequences. J Clin Microbiol 1994 Dec;32(12):3049-3051
Hepatitis B seroprevalence among children in Mataram, Indonesia; following a seven-year mass immunization program (Abstract). Report meeting of the USJapan Cooperative Medical Science Program in Asian Region Collaboration Research Project 2001, Shanghai, Nov 2, 2002
Epidemiology of hepatitis B in Indonesia, following a twenty-year mass immunization program (Abstract). Proceeding of Gastroenterohepatology Symposium, Mataram, Jul 5-7, 2012.