The first liver transplantation (LT) was performed by Thomas E Starzl five decades ago, and yet it
remains the only therapeutic option offering gold standard treatment for end-stage liver disease (ESLD)
and acute liver failure (ALF) and certain early-stage liver tumors. Post-liver transplantation survival
has also dramatically improved over the last few decades despite increasing donor and recipient age
and more frequent use of marginal organs to overcome the organ shortage. Currently, the overall
1 year survival following LT in the United States is reported as 85 to 90%, while the 10 years survival rate
is ~50% (http://www.unos.org). The improvements are mainly due to progress in surgical techniques,
postoperative intensive care, and the advent of new immunosuppressive agents. There are a number
of factors that influence the outcomes prior to transplantation. Since 2002, the model for end-stage
liver disease (MELD) score has been considered a predicting variable. It has been used to prioritize
patients on the transplant waiting list and is currently the standard method used to assess severity
in all etiologies of cirrhosis. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common standard MELD
exception because the MELD does not necessarily reflect the medical urgency of patients with HCC.
The criteria for candidates with HCC for receiving LT have evolved over the past decade. Now, patients
with HCC who do not meet the traditional Milan (MC) or UCSF criteria for LT often undergo downstaging
therapy I an effort to shrink the tumor size. The shortage of donor organs is a universal problem. In
some countries, the development of a deceased organ donation program has been prevented due
to socioeconomic, cultural, legal and other factors. Due to the shortage of cadaveric donors, several
innovative techniques have been developed to expand the organ donor pool, such as split liver grafts,
marginal- or extended-criteria donors, live donor liver transplantation (LDLT), and the use of organs
donated after cardiac death. Herein, we briefly summarize recent advances in knowledge related to LT.
We also report common causes of death after liver transplant, including the recurrence of hepatitis C
virus (HCV) and its management, and coronary artery disease (CAD), including the role of the cardiac
calcium score in identifying occult CAD.
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